BdTTLL3B-mediated polyglycylation is involved in the spermatogenesis in Bactrocera dorsalis.

Polyglycylation is a post-translational modification that generates glycine side chains in the C-terminal domains of both α- and ß-tubulins. To date, the patterns and significance of polyglycylation across insect species remain largely unknown. The TTLL3B was thought to be a polyglycylase and be essential for polyglycylation in dipteran insects. In this study, the TTLL3B of Bactrocera dorsalis (BdTTLL3B) was identified and characterized. The BdTTLL3B expressed remarkably higher in adult males, especially in testes. The spatio-temporal patterns of polyglycylation were consistent with that of BdTTLL3B. Along with spermatogenesis, the intensity of polyglycylation was enhanced steadily and concentrated in elongated flagella. The expression of recombinant BdTTLL3B in Hela cells, which are genetically deficient in polyglycylation, catalyzed intracellular polyglycylation, validating the identity of BdTTLL3B as a polyglycylase. Knockout of BdTTLL3B significantly suppressed polyglycylation in testes and impaired male fertility, probably due to abnormal morphology of mitochondrial derivatives and over-accumulation of paracrystalline. Taken together, these findings indicated that the BdTTLL3B-mediated polyglycylation is involved in the spermatogenesis and play an important role in fertility of adult B. dorsalis. Therefore, the BdTTLL3B can be considered as a candidate target gene for the management of B. dorsalis, such as developing gene silencing/knockout-based sterile insect technology (SIT).

The proliferation of beneficial bacteria influences the soil C, N, and P cycling in the soybean-maize intercropping system.

Soybean-maize intercropping system can improve the utilization rate of farmland and the sustainability of crop production systems. However, there is a significant gap in understanding the interaction mechanisms between soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling functional genes, rhizosphere microorganisms, and nutrient availability. To reveal the key microorganisms associated with soil nutrient utilization and C, N, and P cycling function in the soybean-maize intercropping system, we investigated the changes in soil properties, microbial community structure, and abundance of functional genes for C, N, and P cycling under soybean-maize intercropping and monocropping at different fertility stages in a pot experiment. We found that there was no significant difference in the rhizosphere microbial community between soybean-maize intercropping and monocropping at the seeding stage. As the reproductive period progressed, differences in microbial community structure between intercropping and monocropping gradually became significant, manifesting the advantages of intercropping. During the intercropping process of soybean and maize, the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria in soil rhizosphere significantly increased, particularly Streptomycetaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. Moreover, the abundances of C, N, and P cycling functional genes, such as abfA, mnp, rbcL, pmoA (C cycling), nifH, nirS-3, nosZ-2, amoB (N cycling), phoD, and ppx (P cycling), also increased significantly. Redundancy analysis and correlation analysis showed that Streptomycetaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were significantly correlated with soil properties and C, N, and P cycling functional genes. In brief, soybean and maize intercropping can change the structure of microbial community and promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the soil rhizosphere. The accumulation of these beneficial bacteria increased the abundance of C, N, and P cycling functional genes in soil and enhanced the ability of plants to fully utilize environmental nutrients and promoted growth.

Transcriptomic Identification and Characterization of Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase in Fat Body of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis.

The destructive agricultural pest oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), has been causing huge damage to the fruits and vegetable industry. Although many pertinent studies have been conducted on B. dorsalis, the functions of fat body still remain largely unknown. To this end, the comparative transcriptome analysis between fat body and carcass was performed in an attempt to provide insights into functions of fat body of B. dorsalis in the present study. A total of 1431 upregulated and 2511 downregulated unigenes were discovered in the fat body vs carcass comparison, respectively. The enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEG) revealed that most of the enriched pathways were related to metabolism. The reliability of DEG analysis was validated by qRT-PCR measurements of 12 genes in starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, including the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (BdTPS) which was highly expressed in eggs, 5 d-old adults, and fat body. The RNAi of BdTPS significantly affected trehalose and chitin metabolism, larval growth, and larva-pupa metamorphosis. Collectively, the findings in this study enriched our understanding of fat body functions in metabolism and demonstrated the indispensable roles of BdTPS in trehalose-related physiological pathways.

Manure application amplified the co-selection of quaternary ammonium disinfectant and antibiotic on soil antibiotic resistome.

Disinfectants and antibiotics are widely used for the prevention and control of bacterial infectious diseases. Frequent disinfection is thought to exacerbate antibiotic resistance. However, little is known about how disinfectants and antibiotics co-induce changes in the soil antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study determined the ARG profiles and bacterial community dynamics between unamended soil and manure-amended soil exposed to benzalkonium chloride (C12) (BC, 10 mg kg-1) disinfectant and sulfamethazine (SMZ, 1 mg kg-1), using high-throughput quantitative PCR and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Manure application enriched the soil in terms of ARGs abundance and diversity, which synergistically amplified the co-selection effect of BC and SMZ on soil antibiotic resistome. Compared with the control treatment, BC and SMZ exposure had a smaller impact on the bacterial infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance-related functions in manure-amended soil, in which bacterial communities with greater tolerance to antimicrobial substances were constructed. Manure application increased the proportion of rank I ARGs and potential human pathogenic bacteria, while BC and SMZ exposure increased the drug-resistant pathogens transmission risk. This study validated that BC and SMZ aggravated the antimicrobial resistance under manure application, providing a reference for managing the spread risk of antimicrobial resistance in agricultural activities.

DNA-SIP delineates unique microbial communities in the rhizosphere of the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii which are beneficial to Cd phytoextraction.

Rhizo-microbe recruited by hyperaccumulating plants are crucial for the extraction of metals from contaminated soils. It is important, but difficult, to identify the specific rhizosphere microbes of hyperaccumulators shaped by root exudation. Continuous 13CO2 labeling, microbial DNA-based stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP), and high throughput sequencing were applied to identify those rhizosphere microorganisms using exudates from the Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii. In contrast to its non-hyperaccumulating ecotype (NAE), the hyperaccumulating ecotype (HAE) of S. alfredii strongly changed the rhizosphere environment and extracted a 5-fold higher concentration of Cd from contaminated soil. Although both HAE and NAE harbored Streptomyces, Massilia, Bacillus, and WPS-2 Uncultured Bacteria with relative abundance of more than 1% in the rhizosphere associated with plant growth and immunity, the HAE rhizosphere specifically recruited Rhodanobacter (2.66%), Nocardioides (1.16%), and Burkholderia (1.01%) through exudates to benefit the extraction of Cd from soil. Different from the bacterial network with weak cooperation in the NAE rhizosphere, a closed-loop bacterial network shaped by exudates was established in the HAE rhizosphere to synergistically resist Cd. This research reveals a specific rhizosphere bacterial community induced by exudates assisted in the extraction of Cd by S. alfredii and provides a new perspective for plant regulation of the rhizo-microbe community beneficial for optimizing phytoremediation.

Life table and cold tolerance of laboratory-reared Penthaleus major (Acari: Penthaleidae).

Penthaleus major (Dugés) is a significant agricultural pest that attacks various pasture, vegetable, and crop plants. Temperature plays a critical role in the life history of P. major. However, there is limited understanding of its life table at different temperatures and cold tolerance. This study aimed to elucidate the performance of P. major by constructing life tables at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 °C. The results showed that P. major successfully developed at 9‒21 °C. However, no adults emerged at 6°C, and no eggs hatched at 24 °C. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), net reproductive rate (R0), and gross reproductive rate (GRR) were observed at 12 °C. The supercooling point (SCP) exhibited significant variations at different developmental stages. The highest SCP (‒9.75 °C) was recorded in 10-day-old female adults, while the lowest SCP (‒24.37 °C) was observed in larvae. For female adult mites of 2, 6, and 10 days old, the low lethal temperatures (LLT50) were ‒14.63, ‒12.03, and ‒11.08 °C, respectively. This study provided valuable insights for modeling and predicting the population dynamics of P. major in the field and offered implications for developing successful management strategies.

Kaempferol protects gut-vascular barrier from high glucose-induced disorder via NF-κB pathway.

Kaempferol is a natural edible flavonoid reported to treat high-fat diet-induced intestinal inflammation; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This research aims to investigate the protective effect of kaempferol on the gut-vascular barrier (GVB) induced by high glucose and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Evans blue albumin efflux assay was used to test endothelial cell permeability. The results showed that kaempferol (50 µM) significantly reversed the high glucose-induced monolayer barrier permeability of rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (RIMVECs), while kaempferol significantly alleviated the high glucose-induced rarefication of the tight junction protein Claudin-5. Moreover, kaempferol also reduced high glucose-induced angiogenesis and cell migration via inhibiting the VEGFR2/p38 pathway. Kaempferol also protected against high glucose-induced overproduction of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 by inhibiting NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. In addition, kaempferol had similar effects to the NF-κB inhibitor SN50 in reducing high glucose-induced ICAM-1 expression and endothelial barrier permeabilization. Our findings in part reveal the pathological mechanism of hyperglycemia-related gastrointestinal diseases and underlie the molecular mechanism of kaempferol in inhibiting bowel inflammation from a novel perspective.

Innate Root Exudates Contributed to Contrasting Coping Strategies in Response to Ralstonia solanacearum in Resistant and Susceptible Tomato Cultivars.

Tomato cultivars with contrasting resistance to pathogens regulate root exudates differentially in response to Ralstonia solanacearum attacks. However, strategies using innate root exudates against infection remain unknown. This study analyzed the innate root exudates of two tomato cultivars and their functions in regulating R. solanacearum infection. The innate root exudates differed between the two cultivars. Astaxanthin released from resistant plants inhibited colonization by R. solanacearum but promoted motility, while neferine released from susceptible plants suppressed motility and colonization. The secretion of astaxanthin in resistant tomatoes promoted the growth of biocontrol fungi in soil and reduced the abundance of pathogenic fungi. Neferine secreted by the susceptible cultivar inhibited the relative abundance of the bacterial-biocontrol-related Bacillus genus, indirectly reducing the soil's immune capacity. This study revealed contrasting strategies using root exudates in resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars to cope with R. solanacearum infection, providing a basis for breeding disease-resistant cultivars.

Research progress in biological control of tomato bacterial wilt.

Bacterial wilt caused by the infection of Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most harmful diseases to tomatoes, one of the most important greenhouse vegetables in China. R. solanacearum can survive and remain active in the deep soil for a long time, and the chemical control of tomato bacterial wilt is consequently limited. In this study, we introduced the characteristics of tomato bacterial wilt disease and the types of R. solanacearum, and systematically reviewed the research progresses of biological control methods from the aspects of botanical insecticides, agricultural antibiotics, biocontrol bacteria. We emphatically introduced the principle and current status of these methods, discussed the limitations and the improvement strategies, and prospected a new environmental protection and efficient biological control system based on micro-ecological regulation would be the development direction of biological control of tomato bacterial wilt.

Methanogenic and methanotrophic communities determine lower CH4 fluxes in a subtropical paddy field under long-term elevated CO2.

Clarifying the effects of elevated CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) on CH4 emissions from paddy fields and its mechanisms is a crucial part of the research on agricultural systems in response to global climate change. However, the response of CH4 fluxes from rice fields to long-term e[CO2] (e[CO2] duration >10 years) and its microbial mechanism is still lacking. In this study, we used a long-term free-air CO2 enrichment experiment to examine the relationship between CH4 fluxes and the methanogenic and methanotrophic consortia under long- and short-term e[CO2]. We demonstrated that contrary to the effect of short-term e[CO2], long-term e[CO2] decreased CH4 fluxes. This may be associated with the reduction of methanogenic abundance and the increase of methanotrophic abundance under long-term e[CO2]. In addition, long-term e[CO2] also changed the community structure and composition of methanogens and methanotrophs compared with short-term e[CO2]. Partial least squares path modeling analysis showed that long-term e[CO2] also could affect the abundance and composition of methanogens and methanotrophs indirectly by influencing soil physical and chemical properties, thereby ultimately altering CH4 fluxes in paddy soils. These findings suggest that current estimates of short-term e[CO2]-induced CH4 fluxes from paddy fields may be overestimated. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of climate­carbon cycle feedbacks may need to consider the microbial regulation of CH4 production and oxidation processes in paddy ecosystems under long-term e[CO2].

Validamycin Inhibits the Synthesis and Metabolism of Trehalose and Chitin in the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a notorious invasive pest that has raised concerns worldwide. Validamycin has been demonstrated to be a very strong inhibitor against trehalase in a variety of organisms. However, whether validamycin can inhibit trehalase activity to suppress trehalose hydrolysis and affect any other relevant physiological pathways in B. dorsalis remains unknown. In this study, the effects of validamycin injection on the synthesis and metabolism of trehalose and chitin were evaluated. The results show that validamycin injection significantly affected trehalase activity and caused trehalose accumulation. In addition, the downstream pathways of trehalose hydrolysis, including the synthesis and metabolism of chitin, were also remarkably affected as the expressions of the key genes in these pathways were significantly regulated and the chitin contents were changed accordingly. Intriguingly, the upstream trehalose synthesis was also affected by validamycin injection due to the variations in the expression levels of key genes, especially BdTPPC1. Moreover, BdTPPC1 was predicted to have a binding affinity to validamycin, and the subsequent in vitro recombinant enzyme activity assay verified the inhibitory effect of validamycin on BdTPPC1 activity for the first time. These findings collectively indicate that validamycin can be considered as a promising potential insecticide for the management of B. dorsalis.

Intraguild Prey Served as Alternative Prey for Intraguild Predators in a Reciprocal Predator Guild between Neoseiulus barkeri and Scolothrips takahashii.

The predatory mites Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) and the predatory thrips Scolothrips takahashii (Priesner) are known as potential biocontrol agents for the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch). These two predator species occur simultaneously on crops in agricultural ecosystems and are proved to be involved in life-stage specific intraguild predation. The intraguild prey may play a role in securing the persistence of the intraguild predators during food shortage periods. To understand the potential of intraguild prey as food source for intraguild predators in the N. barkeri and S. takahashii guild at low T. urticae densities, the survival, development and reproduction of both predators was determined when fed on heterospecific predators. The choice tests were conducted to determine the preference of the intraguild predator between the intraguild prey and the shared prey. Results showed that 53.3% N. barkeri and 60% S. takahashii juveniles successfully developed when fed on heterospecific predators. Female intraguild predators of both species fed on intraguild prey survived and laid eggs throughout the experiment. In the choice test, both intraguild predator species preferred their extraguild prey T. urticae. This study suggested that intraguild prey served as an alternative prey for intraguild predators prolonged survival and ensured the reproduction of intraguild predators during food shortage, ultimately decreasing the need for the continual release of the predators.

Elevated CO2 altered the nano-ZnO-induced influence on bacterial and fungal composition in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) rhizosphere soils.

To investigate whether elevated CO2 (eCO2) changes the influence of nanoparticles (NPs) on soil microbial communities and the mechanisms, various nano-ZnO (0, 100, 300, and 500 mg·kg-1) and CO2 concentrations (400 and 800 µmol·mol-1) were applied to tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in growth chambers. Plant growth, soil biochemical properties, and rhizosphere soil microbial community composition were analyzed. In 500 mg·kg-1 nano-ZnO-treated soils, root Zn content was 58% higher, while total dry weight (TDW) was 39.8% lower under eCO2 than under atmospheric CO2 (aCO2). Compared with the control, the interaction of eCO2 and 300 mg·kg-1 nano-ZnO decreased and increased bacterial and fungal alpha diversities, respectively, which was caused by the direct effect of nano-ZnO (r = - 1.47, p < 0.01). Specifically, the bacterial OTUs decreased from 2691 to 2494, while fungal OTUs increased from 266 to 307, when 800-300 was compared with 400-0 treatment. eCO2 enhanced the influence of nano-ZnO on bacterial community structure, while only eCO2 significantly shaped fungal composition. In detail, nano-ZnO explained 32.4% of the bacterial variations, while the interaction of CO2 and nano-ZnO explained 47.9%. Betaproteobacteria, which are involved in C, N, and S cycling, and r-strategists, such as Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, significantly decreased under 300 mg·kg-1 nano-ZnO, confirming reduced root secretions. In contrast, Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria were enriched in 300 mg·kg-1 nano-ZnO under eCO2, suggesting greater adaptation to both nano-ZnO and eCO2. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 2 (PICRUSt2) analysis demonstrated that bacterial functionality was unchanged under short-term nano-ZnO and eCO2 exposure. In conclusion, nano-ZnO significantly affected microbial diversities and the bacterial composition, and eCO2 intensified the damage of nano-ZnO, while the bacterial functionality was not changed in this study.

Comparing the variations and influencing factors of CH4 emissions from paddies and wetlands under CO2 enrichment: A data synthesis in the last three decades.

Understanding and quantifying the impact of elevated tropospheric carbon dioxide concentration (e [CO2]) on methane (CH4) globally is important for effectively assessing and mitigating climate warming. Paddies and wetlands are the two important sources of CH4 emissions. Yet, a quantitative synthetic investigation of the effects of e [CO2] on CH4 emissions from paddies and wetlands on a global scale has not been conducted. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 488 observation cases from 40 studies to assess the long-term effects of e [CO2] (ambient [CO2]+ 53-400 µmol mol-1) on CH4 emissions and to identify the relevant key drivers. On aggregate, e [CO2] increased CH4 emissions by 25.7% (p < 0.05) from paddies but did not affect CH4 emissions from wetlands (-3.29%; p > 0.05). The e [CO2] effects on paddy CH4 emissions were positively related to that on belowground biomass and soil-dissolved CH4 content. However, these factors under e [CO2] resulted in no significant change in CH4 emissions in wetlands. Particularly, the e [CO2]-induced abundance of methanogens increased in paddies but decreased in wetlands. In addition, tillering number of rice and water table levels affected e [CO2]-induced CH4 emissions in paddies and wetlands, respectively. On a global scale, CH4 emissions changed from an increase (+0.13 and + 0.86 Pg CO2-eq yr-1) under short-term e [CO2] into a decrease and no changes (-0.22 and + 0.03 Pg CO2-eq yr-1) under long-term e [CO2] in paddies and wetlands, respectively. This suggested that e [CO2]-induced CH4 emissions from paddies and wetlands changed over time. Our results not only shed light on the different stimulative responses of CH4 emissions to e [CO2] from paddy and wetland ecosystems but also suggest that estimates of e [CO2]-induced CH4 emissions from global paddies and wetlands need to account for long-term changes in various regions.

Population Genetic Diversity of Two Blue Oat Mite Species on Triticum Hosts in China.

Blue oat mite species, including Penthaleus major and P. tectus, are pests widely distributed across China that cause damage to winter wheat. This study evaluated the genetic diversity of P. major and P. tectus on Triticum hosts collected from 23 geographic locations based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. We identified nine haplotypes in 438 P. major individuals from 21 geographic locations and five haplotypes in 139 P. tectus individuals from 11 geographic locations. Meanwhile, P. major exhibits high values of haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi) (Hd = 0.534 > 0.5 and Pi = 0.012 > 0.005), representing a large stable population with a long evolutionary history. P. tectus shows low values of Hd and Pi (Hd = 0.112 < 0.5 and Pi = 0 < 0.005), which suggest recent founder events. Moreover, demographic analysis suggested that P. major and P. tectus have not undergone a recent population expansion. The lowest genetic variation was observed in Xiangzhou (XZ-HB), Zaoyang (ZY-HB), Siyang (SY-JS), and Rongxian (RX-SC), with only one species and one haplotype identified in over 30 individuals. Robust genetic differentiation was found in P. major compared to P. tectus, which provides a theoretical basis for the widespread distribution of P. major in China.

Mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degradation in the rhizosphere of Phragmites australis: Organic acid co-metabolism, iron-driven, and microbial response.

Microbial co-metabolism is crucial for the efficient biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); however, their intrinsic mechanisms remain unclear. To explore the co-metabolic degradation of PAHs, root organic acids (ROAs) (phenolic ROAs: caffeic acid [CA] and ferulic acid [FA]; non-phenolic ROAs: oxalic acid [OA]) were exogenously added as co-metabolic substrates under high (HFe) and low (LFe) iron levels in this study. The results demonstrated that more than 90% of PAHs were eliminated from the rhizosphere of Phragmites australis. OA can promote the enrichment of unrelated degrading bacteria and non-specific dioxygenases. FA with a monohydroxy structure can activate hydroxylase; however, it relies on phytosiderophores released by plants (such as OA) to adapt to stress. Therefore, non-specific co-metabolism occurred in these units. The best performance for PAH removal was observed in the HFe-CA unit because: (a) HFe concentrations enriched the Fe-reducing and denitrifying bacteria and promoted the rate-limiting degradation for PAHs as the enzyme cofactor; (b) CA with a dihydroxyl structure enriched the related degrading bacteria, stimulated specific dioxygenase, and activated Fe to concentrate around the rhizosphere simultaneously to perform the specific co-metabolism. Understanding the co-metabolic degradation of PAHs will help improve the efficacy of rhizosphere-mediated remediation.

Dose effect of polyethylene microplastics on nitrous oxide emissions from paddy soils cultivated for different periods.

The presence of microplastics (MPs) under flooded conditions is beneficial for nitrifiers and denitrifiers to produce nitrous oxide (N2O), but their dose effect remains unclear. This study evaluated the impact of different doses of polyethylene (PE) MPs on the release of N2O from paddy soils cultivated for different years. Compared with unpolluted soils, low doses of MPs (≤ 0.1%) had a negligible influence on N2O emissions, and high amounts of MPs (≥ 0.5%) significantly (p < 0.05) increased N2O emissions from the paddy soils cultivated for 3, 15 and 40 years by 2.5-4.3, 3.9-8.5 and 8.9-27.7 times, respectively. Moreover, an exponential model indicated that a 0.2% concentration of PE MPs appeared to be the dose threshold that accelerated the release of N2O from the all soils. Increased MP concentrations accelerated N2O emissions by affecting microbial functional genes involved in N2O production and reduction, but microbial taxonomic attributes involved in nitrogen cycling played an insignificant role in controlling N2O emissions. Overall, our results indicated that high doses (≥ 0.5%) of PE MPs essentially accelerated the emission of N2O from rice soils, and a longer cultivation period (40 years) enhanced the positive effect of MPs on N2O emissions.

Fertilizer-induced N2O and NO emissions in tea gardens and the main controlling factors: A recent three-decade data synthesis.

Tea gardens have been widely documented to be hotspots for nitrogen (N) oxide emissions (i.e., nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO)). However, a quantitative understanding of N oxide emissions related to different fertilizer regimes and the main controlling factors is lacking. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of 56 peer-reviewed publications on N oxide emissions from global tea gardens over the past three decades. Overall, fertilization increased N2O and NO emissions (p < 0.001) by 584 % and 790 %, respectively. The stimulating effect of fertilizer on N2O and NO emissions was mainly related to high N application rates. Furthermore, organic fertilizer treatment, combined fertilizer treatment, biochar amendment, and inhibitor amendment reduced N2O emissions (p < 0.05) by 63 %, 64 %, 69 %, and 94 %, respectively, relative to chemical fertilizer treatment. For NO emissions, only biochar amendment decreased fertilizer-driven stimulation (by 80 %, p < 0.05). Notably, the dominant factors that influenced fertilizer-induced N2O and NO emissions in tea gardens were fertilization regimes, climatic conditions, and soil properties. On a global scale, fertilization increased mean N2O and NO emissions (p < 0.05) from global tea gardens by 44.5 Gg N yr-1 and 34.3 Gg N yr-1, respectively, whereas compared with no amendment application, inhibitors reduced N2O emissions (p < 0.05) by 32.2 Gg N yr-1 and biochar reduced NO emissions (p < 0.05) by 23.6 Gg N yr-1. Our results suggest that to obtain maximum ecological and economic benefits, appropriate N fertilizer and biochar and inhibitor amendments should be applied for site-specific mitigation purposes, and long-term, multiarea, in situ experiments and microbial mechanism studies should be conducted.

Genomic Insights and Functional Analysis Reveal Plant Growth Promotion Traits of Paenibacillus mucilaginosus G78.

Paenibacillus mucilaginosus has widely been reported as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). However, the important genomic insights into plant growth promotion in this species remain undescribed. In this study, the genome of P. mucilaginosus G78 was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq PE150. It contains 8,576,872 bp with a GC content of 58.5%, and was taxonomically characterized. Additionally, a total of 7337 genes with 143 tRNAs, 41 rRNAs, and 5 ncRNAs were identified. This strain can prohibit the growth of the plant pathogen, but also has the capability to form biofilm, solubilize phosphate, and produce IAA. Twenty-six gene clusters encoding secondary metabolites were identified, and the genotypic characterization indirectly proved its resistant ability to ampicillin, bacitracin, polymyxin and chloramphenicol. The putative exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and biofilm formation gene clusters were explored. According to the genetic features, the potential monosaccharides of its exopolysaccharides for P. mucilaginosus G78 may include glucose, mannose, galactose, fucose, that can probably be acetylated and pyruvated. Conservation of the pelADEFG compared with other 40 Paenibacillus species suggests that Pel may be specific biofilm matrix component in P. mucilaginosus. Several genes relevant to plant growth-promoting traits, i.e., IAA production and phosphate solubilization are well conserved compared with other 40 other Paenibacillus strains. The current study can benefit for understanding the plant growth-promoting traits of P. mucilaginosus as well as its potential application in agriculture as PGPR.

Short-term efficacy and influencing factors of conventional chemotherapy combined with irinotecan in patients with advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of only 20%. The age of onset of gastric cancer is in line with the general rule of cancer. Most of them occur after middle age, mostly between 40 and 60 years old, with an average age of about 50 years old, and only 5% of patients are under 30 years old. The incidence of male is higher than that of female. AIM: To investigate the short-term efficacy and influencing factors of chemotherapy combined with irinotecan in patients with advanced gastric cancer. METHODS: Eighty patients with advanced gastric cancer who were treated in our hospital from January 2019 to January 2022 were selected. The patients were divided into an observation group (n = 40) and control group (n = 40) by the envelope method. The control group was given preoperative routine chemotherapy. The observation group was treated with irinotecan in addition to the chemotherapy given to the control group. The short-term efficacy of treatment in the two groups, as well as tumor marker levels and quality of life before and after treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: The short-term treatment effect in the observation group was better than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and the total effective rate was 57.50%. The age and proportion of tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage IV patients with ineffective chemotherapy in the observation group were (65.12 ± 5.71) years and 52.94%, respectively, which were notably higher than those of patients with effective chemotherapy (P < 0.05), while the Karnofsky Performance Scale score was (67.70 ± 3.83) points, which was apparently lower than that of patients with effective chemotherapy (P < 0.05). After 3 mo of treatment, the SF-36 scale scores of physiological function, energy, emotional function, and mental health in the observation group were 65.12 ± 8.14, 54.76 ± 6.70, 47.58 ± 7.22, and 66.16 ± 8.11 points, respectively, which were considerably higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence rates of grade III-IV diarrhea and grade III-IV thrombocytopenia in the observation group were 32.50% and 25.00%, respectively, which were markedly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy combined with irinotecan in patients with advanced gastric cancer has a good short-term efficacy and can significantly reduce serum tumor markers and improve the quality of life of patients. The efficacy may be affected by the age and TNM stage of the patients, and its long-term efficacy needs further study.